Newport, Rhode Island : Center on Irregular Warfare and Armed Groups, U.S. Naval War College, 2021
Table of Contents:
“…Opposition Technology and Its Vulnerability to Pro-Regime Attacks -- Libyan Internet Connectivity Before the Revolution - The Users -- The Internet Under the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya -- The Net Goes Dark -- The Internet Blackout -- Simultaneous LAJ Attempts to Block Other TElecommunications -- Effects on Reporting -- Tech That Turned the Net Back On -- Life Without the Internet -- Two-Way Satellite Internet: Very Small Aperture Terminals -- Vignette: Misurata Reconnects with Two-Way Internet -- Libyans Abroad Who Topped Up VSAT Accounts -- Other Communications Technologies That Restored Connectivity -- A Note on Outside Support for Internet Reconnection --The Public Face of a Networked Opposition -- Getting Information Out (and Sometimes Back In) -- The "Official" Revolution Facebook Page -- Vignette: Advertising for Revolution -- Opposition Websites -- Vignette: Mohammed Nabbous, Citizen Journalist -- Compelling Video -- The Libyan Opposition on Twitter -- Vignette: Tripoli and the Free Generation Movement -- Regional Media Centers -- A Note of Pro-Regime Online Content -- Out of the Public Eye: Decentralized Communications of a Networked Opposition -- Networks of Support -- Vignette: Internet on the Battlefield -- Getting Intelligence and Tageting Information to NATO -- Brief Notes on Specific Tools -- Inherent Risks: Monitoring and Attacks -- Pre-Revolution Monitoring at Home and Abroad -- Regime Monitoring and Hacking Prior to the Revolution: What We Know -- Electronic Operations by the LAJ Against the Libyan Opposition -- Malware Samples from PGEA Attacks: An Analysis -- Conclusions -- Asymmetries of Risk -- Comprehensive Vulnerability -- Risks Never Addressed - Moving Forward -- Libya Country Profile -- Libya Before the Uprising: A Brief Note -- Libya Today -- Timelineof the 2011 Libyan Revolution -- The Arab Spring -- The Early Days -- The United Nations Security Council Passes Key Resolutions, NATO Begins Air Campaign -- The Libyan Conflict Extends on Multiple Fronts -- Multiple Opposition Fighting Forces Gain Control of Remaining Pockets of Gaddafi Loyalists -- The Libyan Electronic Army - History and Structure -- Terms and Abbreviations -- Common Terms -- Common Abbreviations -- Further Reading.…”