The psychology of prejudice and discrimination

The psychology of prejudice and discrimination /

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In the first comprehensive book on prejudice with a strong psychological research base, Whitley and Kite cover a broad range of topics - from race and ethnicity to gender, sexual orientation, and ageism. By integrating theory and research with readers' own experiences, the authors increase awar...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Whitley, Bernard E., Jr., 1946-
Other Authors: Kite, Mary E.
Format: Book
Language:English
Published: Belmont, CA : Wadsworth Cengage Learning, c2010.
Edition:2nd ed.
Subjects:
Prejudices.
Discrimination.
Stereotypes (Social psychology)
Table of Contents:
  • Preface
  • About the authors
  • Acknowledgments
  • ch. 1. Introducing the concepts of stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination
  • Race and culture
  • Historical views of ethnic groups
  • Cultural influences on perceptions of race and ethnicity
  • Group privilege
  • Stereotypes
  • Prejudice
  • Discrimination
  • The relationships among stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination
  • Targets of prejudice
  • Racism
  • Classism
  • Gender and sexual orientation
  • Age, ability, and appearance
  • Theories of prejudice and discrimination
  • Scientific racism
  • Psychodynamic theory
  • Sociocultural theory
  • Intergroup relations theory
  • Cognitive theory
  • Evolutionary theory
  • Where do we go from here?
  • Summary
  • Suggested readings
  • Key terms
  • Questions for review and discussion
  • ch. 2. How psychologists study prejudice and discrimination
  • The research process
  • Theories and hypotheses
  • Data collection
  • Drawing conclusions
  • Verifying results
  • Theory and application
  • Research strategies
  • Correlational studies
  • Experiments
  • Ethnographic studies
  • Content analysis
  • Using multiple research strategies
  • Measuring stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination
  • Reliability and validity
  • Self-report measures
  • Unobtrusive measures
  • Physiological measures
  • Implicit cognition measures
  • Self-report versus physiological and implicit cognition measures
  • Using multiple measures
  • Summary
  • Suggested readings
  • Key terms
  • Questions for review and discussion
  • ch. 3. Social categorization and stereotypes
  • Social categorization
  • Why we categorize
  • Types of categorization
  • Ingroups and outgroups
  • Origins of stereotypes
  • The outgroup homogeneity effect
  • Social role theory
  • Illusory correlations
  • Transmission of stereotypic beliefs
  • Sources of stereotypic beliefs
  • Interpersonal communications and social inference
  • Stereotype accuracy
  • Defining accuracy
  • The risks of assuming accuracy
  • Shifting standards
  • Functions of stereotypes
  • Cognitive function
  • Ego-defensive function
  • Stereotype maintenance
  • Perception and recall of social information
  • Linguistic biases
  • Self-fulfilling prophecies
  • Stereotype change
  • Changing stereotypic beliefs
  • Summary
  • Suggested readings
  • Key terms
  • Questions for review and discussion
  • ch. 4. Stereotype activation and application
  • Categorization
  • Prototypicality
  • Situational influences
  • Prejudice
  • Stereotype activation
  • Automatic activation
  • Motivated activation
  • The activated stereotype
  • Stereotype application
  • Motivation to inhibit stereotyping
  • Ability to inhibit stereotyping
  • Consequences of stereotype use
  • Biased interpretation of behavior
  • Biased evaluation
  • Summary
  • Suggested readings
  • Key terms
  • Questions for review and discussion
  • ch. 5. Emotions and motivation
  • Emotions and stereotyping
  • Emotions and prejudice
  • Intergroup emotions
  • Intergroup anxiety
  • Empathy
  • Motivation to control prejudice
  • Types of motivation
  • Social norms
  • The development of motivation to control prejudice
  • Summary
  • Suggested readings
  • Key terms
  • Questions for review and discussion
  • ch. 6. Old-fashioned and contemporary forms of prejudice
  • The transformation of prejudice
  • Prejudice continues
  • But only bad people are prejudiced
  • So "they" should stop complaining
  • Theories of contemporary prejudice
  • Modern-symbolic prejudice
  • Characteristics of modern-symbolic prejudice
  • Psychological bases of modern-symbolic prejudice
  • Historical roots of modern-symbolic prejudice
  • Modern-symbolic prejudice and behavior
  • Concluding comments
  • Aversion prejudice
  • Characteristics of aversive prejudice
  • Psychological bases of aversive prejudice
  • Research on aversive prejudice
  • Aversive prejudice and behavior
  • Ambivalent prejudice
  • Ambivalent attitudes
  • Psychological conflict
  • Response amplification
  • Putting the theories together
  • Benevolent prejudice
  • Summary
  • Suggested readings
  • Key terms
  • Questions for review and discussion
  • ch. 7. Individual differences and prejudice
  • Authoritarianism and social dominance orientation
  • Authoritarianism
  • Social dominance orientation
  • Self-esteem
  • Self-enhancement
  • Self-protection
  • Personal values
  • Value orientations
  • Perceived value differences
  • Social ideologies
  • Religion
  • Political orientation
  • Summary
  • Suggested readings
  • Key terms
  • Questions for review and discussion
  • ch. 8. The development of prejudice in children
  • Awareness of social categories
  • Implicit awareness of social categories
  • Explicit awareness of social categories
  • The development of prejudice
  • The development of racial prejudice
  • The development of gender-based prejudice
  • Theories of prejudice development
  • Social learning theory
  • Inner state theories
  • Cognitive developmental theories
  • Developmental intergroup theory
  • So where does prejudice come from?
  • Reducing children's prejudice
  • School desegregation
  • Cooperative learning
  • Multicultural and anti-bias education
  • Summary
  • Suggested readings
  • Key terms
  • Questions for review and discussion
  • ch. 9. The social context of prejudice
  • Realistic conflict theory
  • The work of Muzafer Sherif
  • John Duckitt's extension of realistic conflict theory
  • Social identity theory
  • Social identity and intergroup bias
  • Factors that influence social identity
  • Issues in social identity theory
  • Looking back at social identity theory
  • Relative deprivation theory
  • Relative deprivation, dissatisfaction, and resentment
  • Relative deprivation and prejudice
  • Relative gratification
  • Scapegoating
  • Integrated threat theory
  • Hate group membership
  • Why people join hate groups
  • Recruiting hate group members
  • Group socialization
  • Leaving the group
  • Summary
  • Suggested readings
  • Key terms
  • Questions for review and discussion
  • ch. 10. What is discrimination?
  • Forms of discrimination
  • Interpersonal discrimination
  • The relation between prejudice and discrimination
  • Regressive prejudice
  • Reactions to having acted in a prejudiced manner
  • Discrimination in organizations
  • Organizational research
  • Individuals in organizations
  • Hate crimes
  • Hate crime offenders
  • Motivations for hate crimes
  • Effects on victims
  • Summary
  • Suggested readings
  • Key terms
  • Questions for review and discussion
  • ch. 11. The experience of discrimination
  • Social stigma
  • What defines a stigmatized group?
  • Stigma by association
  • Tokenism
  • Responses to prejudice and discrimination
  • Attributional ambiguity
  • Personal/group discrimination discrepancy
  • Consequences of prejudice to the target
  • Stereotype threat
  • Vulnerability to stress
  • Threats to self-esteem
  • Coping with discrimination
  • Psychological disengagement and disidentification
  • Behavioral compensation
  • Summary
  • Suggested readings
  • Key terms
  • Questions for review and discussion
  • ch. 12. Gender and sexual orientation
  • Gender-based stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination
  • Gender stereotypes
  • Attitudes toward women and men
  • Subtypes of women and men
  • Women in the workplace
  • The male gender role
  • Heterosexism and sexual prejudice
  • Stereotypes of lesbians and gay men
  • Attitudes toward sexual minorities
  • Coming out
  • Heterosexism in the workplace
  • Summary
  • Suggested readings
  • Key terms
  • Questions for review and discussion
  • ch. 13. Age, ability, and appearance
  • Ageism
  • When does old age begin?
  • Beliefs about older adults
  • Age-based discrimination
  • Ability
  • Who is disabled?
  • The stigma of disability
  • Physical disabilities
  • Communication between PWDs and the nondisabled
  • Mental illness
  • Appearance
  • Physical attractiveness
  • Physical attractiveness
  • Height
  • Obesity
  • Summary
  • Suggested readings
  • Key terms
  • Questions for review and discussion
  • ch. 14. Reducing prejudice and discrimination
  • Individual level processes
  • Stereotype suppression
  • Self-regulation
  • Intergroup contact
  • Conditions for success
  • Effectiveness of intergroup contact
  • Models of the contact process
  • Workplace interventions
  • Affirmative action
  • Valuing diversity
  • Managing diversity
  • What should be our goal? Color-blindness versus multiculturalism
  • What you can do to reduce prejudice
  • Influencing your own attitudes
  • Influencing other people's attitudes
  • Envoi
  • Summary
  • Suggested readings
  • Key terms
  • Questions for review and discussion
  • Glossary
  • References
  • Name index
  • Subject index.

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